Climate Change - Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Change - Global warming - Research Paper Example So talking about environmental change we don't mean the current day changes yet we look them through in the correlation with numerous years' information. Atmosphere incorporates such highlights as the normal temperature, measure of the rainfalls, number of bright days and other variable boundaries which are diverse in the better places of the Earth. Simultaneously there are a few procedures that can impact states of the specific district as well as huge regions on the planet. So we can talk about environmental change. There are a few meanings of this term is broadly utilized today. The Oxford word reference (2014) gives us the definition â€Å"A change in worldwide or territorial atmosphere designs, specifically a change obvious from the mid to late twentieth century onwards and credited to a great extent to the expanded degrees of environmental carbon dioxide delivered by the utilization of fossil fuels.† and the NOAA (2014) characterized it as â€Å"A non-irregular change i n atmosphere that is estimated more than quite a few years or more. The change might be because of characteristic or human-prompted causes.† For assurance of environmental change such files as changes of the normal climate boundaries and changes in the recurrence of outrageous climate marvels are utilized. The reasons cause atmosphere changes are dynamic procedures on the Earth, outer impacts, for example, changes in the sun radiations and in the ongoing years - human exercises. Present day environmental change towards the warming is called â€Å"Global warming†. There are a great deal of examinations that show changes of meteorological records and their impact on worldwide atmosphere changes and furthermore the human life. Crafted by Sippel and Otto (2014) is centers around an ongoing blistering and dry summer with excellent multi-day heat waves. Their own outcomes and examinations of the writing show that power and recurrence of month to month and 5-day warm temperature limits in summer have expanded

Social Networking our Young Generation Essay

Long range interpersonal communication our Young Generation Essay Long range interpersonal communication locales are electronic administrations, with an enormous online network. Sites like Facebook, MySpace or Twitter give person to person communication administrations which unite individuals everywhere throughout the world by permitting them to become more acquainted with one another in an online situation. This cooperation is probably going to incorporate families, fellowship and sentimental and bunch connection. With the assistance of systems administration, it can assist individuals with making companions and to look to locate some close to home relationship and families can keep in contact all the more without any problem. These days, gigantic number of individuals associates with systems administration destinations and it additionally expands the quantity of relationship. The sites consolidate numerous web highlights into one: individual profile, sites, places for photographs and recordings, the most recent news about music gatherings, client gatherings, and that's just the beginning. Individuals utilize long range interpersonal communication locales to creating business contacts and keeping in touch with them. Sites like LinkedIn can be advantageous spot for experts to meet and discussion about business. Creating business contacts on the web is more often than not simpler and quicker than disconnected. Points The point of the examination is clarify the Importance of taking an interest in web gatherings and intuitive with others and one-on-one from the individual self idea and social relationship. This examination likewise advise how the information is to be investigated and social move is to be made which will be completed in the field so this exploration targets understanding change reproducing and taking a stab at a comprehension of the entirety. So approach which suites my inquiry is subjective research and the essential point of this examination is to contemplate the individuals collaboration on web as we as a whole know the now days individuals have been interested about how the incredible new data and correspondence media known as web association is going on in the general public. Goals Advance your business utilizing person to person communication destinations. Impacts of person to person communication sites on the youthful age. Wellbeing destinations of youthful age. Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages of Social systems administration destinations. Writing survey Web is above all else correspondence innovation with the possibility to change individuals social communication. Web selection in homes has developed quickly since the mid 1990s. For Example by 2003 63% of American had utilized the web. In 1990s, Information innovation specialists anticipated that the web should be committed to the garbage pile of history. Web has become a fundamental piece of our lives; numerous sites have office ways for individuals to stay in contact as long range interpersonal communication. Long range informal communication locales are the route for cooperate with new individuals and to make associations just as offer photographs, recordings, and exercises with one another (Red Sox Nation, Northern California).. In the previous 5 years, such locales have soared and a huge number of individuals use organizing destinations. As per Amanda Lenhart and Mary Madden demonstrates that 55% of online adolescents have made an individual profile on the web, and 55% have utilized systems administration locales like MySpace and Face book. A person to person communication website incorporates both the trading of data among people and gathering on the web. Articulation additionally speaks to a view viewpoint, reflection, or nature of the individual or gatherings. Long range interpersonal communication is more focussed on singular relations and objectives than is city and network contribution and systems administration with explicit others whom one either knows at first or in the long run comes to know. This cooperation is probably going to incorporate families, fellowship and sentimental and bunch relationship. Video-sharing site is a likewise place where people can make association with each other. YouTube additionally permits a client to include another client as their companion. Articulations allude to the material that is made by individual or gatherings to mirror their perspectives, interests or abilities. Basically web dependent on long range interpersonal communication destinations to construct the individual and relationship and give the importance to people groups lives. This destinations help to individuals permit making social relationship and it additionally used to discover new companions in new find. There are numerous ways the web can be utilized for social relationship as follows seem to be:- Web based visiting Web based dating Discovering life accomplices Online companionship Some more Web based visiting By utilizing web based visiting on web numerous companions and family members have come nearer and to realize to one another. Calling is over the top expensive and individuals cannot bear to call. With the assistance of systems administration destinations, individuals can associate with their family members and get the chance to talk each other effectively and they can see one another and visit through web. Web based dating Long range informal communication sites are an extraordinary method of meeting individuals new individuals everywhere throughout the world. Presently days, individuals are meeting and dating on the web. Individuals can visit to someone whenever, wherever and anyplace. They are having enormous relationship with others, so they will ask they won't go out with them since they are dating to somebody. Discovering Life accomplices Social destinations center around a wide range of parts of life, which makes it simpler to discover and make associations with others who share shared objectives and interests, including love. By utilizing customary types of marriage creation for the most part of masterminded relationships, web has gradually being altered to the orchestrate marriage since it can serve the quality of convention particularly when present day state of advances seen to in choose custom. Fellowship Circle By utilizing these locales texting it permits modest talking among individuals and among gathering of companion or family. It additionally offers a decent method of speaking with companions close by or distant, without agonizing over time or cost. This movement prompts tremendous articulation of contact and intelligence numerous individuals appreciate prepared for results relationship. I simply like keeping up to visit with someone and it causes me to feel incredible to know someone and to make new association. So in this examination the proof emphatically recommend that the web has just been utilized to incredible upgrade the social relationship. The significance is social and is making both individual level and aggregate level social capital. Systems administration locales likewise utilized for creating business contacts and to make associations with them. Sites like LINKEDIN can be appropriate spot for experts to meet and discussion about business. Creating business on the web is the more often than not simpler and quicker than disconnected. Long range informal communication locales are likewise elevating a business to a more extensive crowd and worldwide advertising .Nowadays, most of business in any event one sort of online nearness. All the above explanation include that the simple and compensating association with others, just as the individual or expert addition that individuals acquire from joining long range informal communication destinations. These locales prevail at making ever ybody part of worldwide society. In our examination, interpersonal interaction destinations can impacts on the youthful ages. Therefore, person to person communication sites have broad fascination for adolescents with the quantity of clients developing day by day. In 2007, Pew Internet and American life Project report that 55% of online youngsters have an individual profile (facebook, twitter, orkut) on this sort of site. Today, adolescents pull in these destinations in light of this sites join numerous highlights into one like individual profile, sites, recordings and photographs sharing, and some more. Alongside these advantages come a few dangers. As reason that there are number of cases for badgering or lewd gestures. A large portion of these locales are available to all, particularly MySpace or face book which implies that young people could be uncovered our own data and our personality to somebody. Digital bulling and provocation are all the more frequently submit by different adolescents and for the most part will in general happen most to more seasoned young ladies and either sexual orientation who have a solid online nearness. There such a large number of a few structures like posting compromising messages, distributing private messages, messages or instant messages, posting humiliation photographs and some more. Another hazard is distinguishing burglary, which implies someone can enter your own profile they can think about everything like, your name, birthdates and your area. So today, its uncommon for badgering to everywhere throughout the world however it can even now be a reason for enthusiastic trouble for youths. Therefore, most person to person communication destinations have security controls set up, however youths barely ever use them. On the off chance that you can do dynamic checking of profiles and practices gets a few programmers, however not every one of them. Here certain tips of wellbeing locales for youthful age just as youngster additionally when they made our profil e it ensure they comprehend not to post individual data like personal residence, birthdates, email address, portable number and so on the grounds that this data is private to them and not for sharing. And furthermore clarify that what gets put on the web can live perpetually its methods on the off chance that you evacuate your image later it might have been replicated by another person and abuse of your image moreover. The primary wellbeing tips are that you should use for secret key for your profile and ensure their secret word can't be handily speculated. Overview results show that rate for grown-ups with profile on informal communication destinations September 2009 information. In this chart shows that grown-ups in all age bunch favor for face book by a wide edge, with more established grown-ups inclining toward it marginally more. In 73% of all grown-ups 18 and more established have use face book just as grown-ups 30 and more seasoned has 75% and youthful grown-ups 18-29 has 71% who utilize person to person communication locales have a face book account. C:UsersHarmeet SinghDesktopuntitled.png Interestingly, 48% of all grown-up informal community clients have a MySpace account. Youthful age is significantly more utilizing MySpace with 66% however just 36% of the 30 and more seasoned section. In different rates for proficient systems administration destinations LinkedIn are the opposite of MySpace. 14% of all grown-ups 18 person to person communication destinations clients have LinkedIn account, which separates t

The power of encouragement

The power of encouragement A really nice story reminding us not to give up too early.Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the famous 19th-century poet and artist, was once approached by an elderly man.The old fellow had some sketches and drawings that he wanted Rossetti to look at and tell him if they were any good, or if they at least showed potential talent. Rossetti looked over  them carefully. After the first few, he knew that they were worthless but Rossetti was a kind man, he told the elderly man as gently as possible that the pictures were without much value and showed little talent. He was sorry, but he could not lie to the man. The man was disappointed, but seemed to expect Rossettis judgment.Dante Gabriel RossettiThe old man then apologized for taking up Rossettis time, but asked him to look at a few more drawings.Rossetti looked over the second batch of sketches and immediately became enthusiastic over the talent they revealed. These, he said, oh, these are good.This young student has a great talent. He should be given every help and encouragement. He has a great future.Rossetti could see that the old fellow was deeply moved.Who is this fine young artist? he asked.  Your son?No, said the old man sadly.It is me   40 years ago. If only I had heard your praise then! For you see, I got discouraged and gave up too soon.Author Unknown

Character Analysis Of Florence And Trifles And Doubts

In the plays, Florence and Trifles and Doubts, there are many different topics that are prominent. The ones I plan on focusing on are gender roles and race roles. The gender roles in Trifles and Doubts that I shall talk about is how our main character, Mrs. Write, went over the edge in traditional women’s roles in the 1900’s. The race roles in Florence that I shall talk about is how that despite in a racist society, someone can still chase their dreams. This 1950 play by Alice Childress takes place in a train station waiting room in a very small town in the south. The play describes how Miss Whitney, an old black woman, discovers that her premonition of the success of her daughter, Florence, as a black actress is undesirably similar to†¦show more content†¦She got notions a Negro woman don t need. She must think she s white! (Childress. 1320) Her mother expresses a bit more faith responding, Maybe we shoulda just sent her the money this time. This one time. (Childress. 1320) As Marge leaves the station we are introduced to Mr. Brown, an old black porter. As Mr. Brown speaks with Miss Whitney we find out that his son and brother are both attending different colleges. Miss Whitney expresses her thoughts by saying, takes an awful lot of goin to school to be anything. (Childress.1322) Mr. Brown also informs Miss Whitney that his brother saw Florence in a movie. This excites Miss Whitney only for a second as she proceeds to ask Mr. Brown about his brother s aspirations, as if it were more interesting. The conversation is short due to the entrance of Mrs. Carter. Mrs. Carter is introduced in the play as a white woman†¦well dressed, wearing furs and carrying a small, expensive overnight bag. (Childress. 1322) Mrs. Carter is on her way back home to New York City. Although she thinks of herself as being beyond the racist state of the south, we are immediately exposed to her racist mentality as she speaks her first word, Boy, (Childress. 1322) referring to the porter, a fifty year-old black man. As she paces back and forth in the white side of the room, Mrs. Carter begins a conversation with Miss Whitney. During the conversation we learnShow MoreRelatedEssay on Winter Olympics 2006 Marketing Plan16242 Words   |  65 PagesPiervincenzo Bondonio is Professor of Public Economics, Department of Economics and OMERO, University of Torino, Italy – piervincenzo.bondonio@unito.it. Nadia Campaniello is a Doctoral Candidate, Interuniversity Centre for the Comparative Analysis of Law and Economics, Torino, Italy – nadia.campani ello@unito.it. Olympika XV (2006), pp. 1-33 1 Bondonio Campaniello In the Piedmont, however, in two cases the figures, compared to Salt Lake City, show a reduction (although moderate)Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. The Cinema: Language or Language System? 31 Some Points in the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some TheoreticalRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesCase Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless

Why The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered

Insert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drink alcohol. This is because the US law has set the threshold for alcohol purchase and consumption at 21 years of age (Mistral 1980). The question then remains; if an individual is considered an adult at 18 years of age, is it not right to allow them to purchase and consume alcohol at the same age? Answering this question has been a matter of polarizing debate, with those in support of and opposition to lowering the drinking age presenting valid arguments. The present paper discusses the same argument with a subjective bias towards supporting calls for the US legislators to lower the legal drinkin g age to 18 years. The debate on the drinking age is one that has been there from the beginning of the 20th century. This is because alcoholism has become a public delinquency problem with the government forced to step and set limits. The intervention took the form of the 1919 18th Amendment that prohibited alcohol making, trade, and consumption within the US. Rather than act as an effectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers of Underage Drinking775 Words   |  4 Pagesthe legal minimum age of alcohol should not drink, nor should it be lowered. Researchers say that giving alcoholic beverages under 21 could create a lethal addiction and would not have the responsibility to drink. 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Alcoholism affects many people in the United States but promoting it at such young age would not be such a great idea for the youths in today’s society.The drinking age should not be lowered due to the fact that it

Understanding Technology Integration A Brief Examination of SAMR, TIM, and TPACK Free Essays

In the article Technology, Models, and 21st – Century Learning: How Models, Standards, and Theories Make Learning Powerful by Dr. David Marcovitz and Natalie Janiszewski, M.Ed. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Technology Integration: A Brief Examination of SAMR, TIM, and TPACK or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2015), the reader is introduced to several models used to improve educators’ integration of technology. The integrative technology models discussed include several widely-used models, which are: SAMR, TPACK, Technology Integration Matrix or TIM, TPACK, and Bloom’s Taxonomy, and trudacot. The readers are provided with ways to combine all five models to create a meaningful and effective learning environment. The various sections of the article outlined how to extend the models in order to improve its effectiveness. For example, the authors discussed how to move from a tool-centered approach which focuses mainly on the technology applications to a purpose-centered approach, which is centered on higher-order thinking. In the article Integrating Technology into Instructional Practice, authors Eric Sheninger and Weston Kieschnick (2018) discussed how educators can purposefully integrate technology in order to achieve optimal results. The article focused in only three models: SAMR, TPACK, and TIM; however, the piece did include the Rigor/Relevance Framework, which is an action-oriented continuum for teachers to develop instruction, assessment and learning goals both with and without the use of technology (Sheninger Kieschnick, 2018). One of the most notable models for technology integration, the SAMR model developed by Dr. Ruben Puentedura, examines how technology is integrated from a hierarchical perspective and how it enhances learning. SAMR stands for Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition and includes simple substitution or modification at the lower levels of integration and transformative integration at the higher levels (Sheninger Kieschnick, 2018). The model is divided into â€Å"above the line† and â€Å"below the line† applications and the goal is for teachers to aspire to and learners to achieve above the line use of technology (Sheninger Kieschnick, 2018). Educators suggest that SAMR focuses too much on technology and integration is often to simply save teachers’ time. However, when combined with a model of learning SAMR can students use technology in more meaningful ways. The SAMR framework, is essentially focuses on levels of use of educational technology and is a great model for determining when, how, and why technology should be integrated. The Technology Integration Matrix or TIM incorporates five levels of technology integration with five characteristics of the learning environment. Developed at the Center for Instructional Technology at the University of South Florida and adapted buy the Arizona K12 Center in 2012, TIM does not focus solely on technology tools, but also how a powerful learning environment can be influenced by meaningful technology (Marcovitz ; Janiszewski, 2015). Each level of integration illustrates what technology use looks like rudimentary level, up to the most transformative technology usage level. The vertical axis of TIM focuses on five characteristics of the learning environment which include: active, collaborative, constructive, authentic, and goal oriented (Marcovitz ; Janiszewski, 2015). The basis of the horizontal axis is based on the progression with technology described by Sandholtz, Ringstaff, and Dwyer (1997) which include: Entry, Adoption, Adaption, Infusion, and Transformation. These five stages provide insight on integration of technology as well as provide a pathway for growth. Below is a snapshot of the TIMS five stages. Entry refers to the initial use of technology tools to deliver content to students. This is teacher-directed/focused. Adoption refers to teachers having the ability to direct students in the use of technology tools. This is also teacher-directed/focused. Adaptation refers to teachers acting as facilitators to help students find ways to use technology independently. This is moving towards the student-directed approach. Infusion occurs when students and teacher are comfortable with the integration of technology to the point that the teacher can define a learning objective and students are able to choose the appropriate technology tools to achieve it. Transformation occurs when the teacher encourages innovative use of technology tools and use technology tools to enable higher-order learning activities not possible without the technology. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge or TPACK framework outlines the interconnectedness to three primary forms of knowledge: (1) content, (2) pedagogy, and (3) technology. Extended from Shulman’s concept of Pedagogical Content Knowledge, TPACK views technology knowledge is mastered once content and pedagogical knowledge has been mastered (Marcovitz Janiszewski, 2015). TPACK is achieved when all three domains successfully come together. Furthermore, the successful integration of technology using TPACK is understood based on the context of the content and the pedagogy being used. Both articles were written to help educators evaluate the use technology and determine how to integrate them in to the instructional environment – both the teaching and learning. It appears that the goal of both articles was to describe how technology can be used to improve teaching and learning and not used just for the sake of it. Each article started with an introduction to the frameworks/models used to integrate technology followed by examples. There was much overlap between the information within the two articles which primarily discussed the same three main models: SAMR, TPACK, and TIM. However, Marcovitz and Janiszewki (2015), described how to purposely and effectively combine the models. For example, the authors discussed the creation of the Padagogy Wheel which is the combination of SAMR and Bloom’s Taxonomy in efforts to create higher-order learning. Furthermore, in Technology, Models, and 21st – Century Learning: How Models, Standards, and Theories Make Learning Powerful by Dr. David Marcovitz and Natalie Janiszewski, M.Ed. (2015), the authors focused on combining five models, which could be bit overwhelming especially for a novice educator such as myself. In contrast, Integrating Technology into Instructional Practice provided a more detailed and simplistic analysis of the three models. Additionally, I appreciated how the authors also provided examples of applications and graphics that would appeal to the reader. The final section of the article discussed five steps to integrating technology that is rigorous and relevant for the learners. This portion of the article was extremely useful because it provided a quick blueprint on what educators should know about technology and its impact on the learning environment and real-world application. Overall, both articles were well written and provided enough information and resources about the three models and helped me understand which model would be best once I become the facilitator. Based on the readings and additional research, I believe that TIM would be most suitable for the adult learning environment where I am the facilitator. I appreciate how TIM is not a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Instead, the facilitator can use the matrix in a way that supports learners at all stages or entry points without compromising the goal to increase higher-order thinking. Furthermore, it can be easily combined with other technology integration models, if necessary, in order to achieve optimal results for both the teacher and learner. The matrix supports differentiation and will allow me to integrate technology beginning with teacher-directed activities to student-directed activities. In other words, technology integration slowly goes from teacher facilitated to student-directed while encouraging learners to become more responsible for their learning during each of the five levels (Jonassen, Howland, Moore, ; Marra, R., 2003). For example, I could initially facilitated instruction using an overhead projector, PowerPoint or video (Entry level of integration) which is a comfortable starting point for an adult learning environment-especially those returning to school after an extended period away. However, the goal is to move from lower or conventional levels of integration to complex or higher-order level thinking. I want to be able to put my students in the driver’s seat, and TIM allows me to gradually get them there. So once a learner has reached the transformative level they have the option to use different or unconventional technology tools based on what works for them. TIM integration is easy to follow. Furthermore, there are additional resources available to assist educators with preparing to use and navigating TIM. These resources include the Technology Integration Matrix Lesson Observation Tool (TIM-O) which is a tool that can be used for formative feedback, peer coaching, or professional development (TIM evaluation tools, 2018). There is also the Lesson Plan Review Tool (TIM-LP) which was designed to guide the school principals, curriculum specialists/master teachers and direct facilitators through the process of evaluating the level of technology integration and its effectiveness within a particular lesson plan (TIM evaluation tools, 2018). Having access to these additional tools is what makes TIM for distinctive and appealing to my teaching philosophy. As a new educator, I appreciate how TIM provides descriptors for how student and teacher activities should take place or consist of. Furthermore, it breaks down the complexity of each levels which will allow me to facilitate in a manner that is effective for me and the learner. TIM encourages both the teacher and student take ownership of the learning. During my time in this program, I have realized that adult learners thrive when they have some ownership of their learning. Furthermore, TIM would allow me to integrate both conventional and complex technology tools which will be useful for a diverse adult learning environment. This will ensure that my learners will have access to technology based on their entry level and exposure to more complex tools to prepare them for future usage (in order to achieve that higher-order thinking). There are no rules for integrating technology. However, the most effective teachers understand when, how, and why technology is being used, does not use it to save time or simplify their lessons and integrates technology in order to achieve optimal levels of higher-ordered learning. References Jonassen, D., Howland J., Moore, J., Marra, R. (2003). Learning to solve problems with technology: A constructivist perspective (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Marcovitz, D. M., Janiszewski, N. (2015). Technology, models, and 21st – century learning: how models, standards, and theories make learning powerful. Retrieved from https://udc.blackboard.com/sessions/D683640F52B5810C156C82AA187FB186/a6d1db7ccf5a4bac8dafbb580e41d854/ModelsofTechIntegration.pdf Sheninger, E.C., Kieschnick, W. (2018). Integrating technology into instructional practice: using the rigor/relevance framework as the primary tool for success blended learning. Retrieved from http://leadered.com/pdf/ IntegratingTechnologyInstructionalPractice.pdf TIM evaluations tools. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx How to cite Understanding Technology Integration: A Brief Examination of SAMR, TIM, and TPACK, Papers

Market Segmentation and Decision Making in IT Industry

Question: Discuss about the Market Segmentation and Decision Making in IT Industry. Answer: Introduction Market segmentation is whereby you have a broad consumer market of both existing and potential consumers and subdivide it into small groups known as segments. The segments will, therefore, consist of a group of individuals with same characteristic and preferences for the good and service being offered. Day by day, the customer population and preferences are becoming wider. Ultimately, the competitive options are becoming more available, as the market segmentation become very critical in any business or marketing plan. Companies that launch products are considering market segmentation, and through the conceptualization of the market segment, rightful customers are targeted. Apparently, by targeting the right consumers, businesses probably utilizes the best sales and marketing channels that are capable to significantly influence consumers purchasing behavior. Apple is a global company that specializes in manufacturing and selling of information technology products. Apple Inc develops and sells computer software, electronics and offers online services (Lublin, 2014). This industry is characterized by creativity and innovation and the technology that work perfectly well today may not be the best if not improved. Hence, there is a robust advancement in the products and services offered by various companies in IT sector (Johnson et al., 2008). Apple Inc has to identify the potential customers that exist so that appropriate sales and marketing strategies are proactively applied. This report has firstly expounded on Apple growth, profitability and applied PESTLE to analyze business environment. Secondly, this paper has succinctly examined market segment for Apple Inc by identifying primary and secondary target market. Moreover, it has described the level of involvement of the primary segments likely have on this organization regarding decision making. Finally, this paper has discussed the nature of competition in this industry and further created a positioning map for the marketplace of this company. Business environmental audit: PESTLE analysis Political factors Political factors, considers the government placed policies. These policies positively and negatively affect IT companies. Because Apple manufactures most of its products in China, political instability could adversely affect the production. The growing anti-Americanism in China will probably affect manufacturing and sale of products in China. Additionally, the toughing environmental and labor laws in the U.S.A are probable challenges for Apple to retain its competitiveness. Economic factors There is an overall rise of middle-class disposable incomes. This has continually created the gap for computer hardware and software thus creating more opportunities for production of these. IT is saving time and energy for most business. Apple has been affected by economic crises that affected its markets (Cheney, 2010). Also, high unemployment rate affects its sales in some regions. Moreover, the strong American Dollar increases the exchange rates hence making Apple products expensive in developing countries, China, and other regions with a weak currency. Social factors The social factors look into employees right, language barriers, race, nationality, etc. Apple is keen in ensuring there is a minimal customer-product mismatch, and this could be a result of increased cultural diversity. The different social classes provide an opportunity to provide even high standard customers who are only for high-quality services and product that are similarly expensive. Apple has applied franchise in India and acquisition to enhance growth and further provide products that suit customer needs. For instance, Apple acquired Prime Sense and Embark as part of a strategy to strengthen its market position. Moreover, the ethical concern in China about the manufacturing of Apple products may affect the purchase of its product by ethical conscious consumers. Technological factors Technology is changing every day which acts as an opportunity for innovation. It is, perhaps, costly since changes are happening spontaneously and a company may come up with a product today, and tomorrow it is obsolete (Nerkar Shane, 2007). There is a daily increase in demand for mobile phones and tablets, and this is an opportunity for technology providing companies. Apple lead in innovation has enabled it to manufacture unique product hence retaining its large market share. However, frequent change in environment imperatively requires Apple to significantly invest in research and development to improve continuation in innovation (Shaughnessy, 2013). Legal factors There are regulations on electronic waste disposal, and this is one way to improve company image to the public by coming up with effective disposal and recycling programs. Also, the patents laws that aim to reduce software piracy are formulated which perhaps increases Apple exposure to litigation risks. The entrance of Apple into the provision of financial services through Apple Pay exposes it to more regulations and oversight by the government. On the other hand, there is increasing governmental support for automation which presents opportunities for increase computer technology sales via governmental clients. The increasing international trade agreements develop a remote or macro-environment that supports an increase in global sales. Information Technology Industry Analysis: Current trends in growth of IT industry Today, there has been a tremendous change in the IT industry which has been spurred by robust innovation and creativity. Perfect and effective technologies are being developed hence enhancing trade and industrialization (Johnson et al., 2012). As activities and processes get simplified in industries, the primary providers of these technologies are also ensuring that the current technologies are improved daily. Profitability The most important driver for profit increment remains the inspiration from the most government to achieve economic prosperity by customizing on technology hence increasing the demand for technologies. Ultimately, incremental charges like license renewal, servicing, and acquisition of spare parts keep impacting positively on the sales of IT providers companies (Adam, 2013). In other cases, profits earned by most innovative companies do not fall significantly but mostly improve. For instance, the gross profit for Apple Inc for 2013-2016 was $64,304,000, $70,537,000, $93,626,000 and $84, 263,000 respectively. Perhaps, the gross income has decreased but Apple has continually realized significant profits. Therefore, the profitability of businesses in this industry depends on the competitive scope of a company in providing innovative products (Thielen, 2012). Threats and opportunities of the industry Apple has the opportunity for business diversification where there is a new business development that includes sales of a range of products which is fundamental in increasing revenues. There is the increased adoption of mobile technology (Apple Inc, 2014). Everyone from the young to the old needs a phone, so there is the opportunity to design a mobile phone that are user-friendly and that have different qualities for each age group. However, weaknesses exist, such as vulnerability to cyber crime. It limits the attractiveness of Apple software (Tech, 2013). Competition in the Industry Despite Apple success in serving a large market share in the globe, it faces stiff competition from rivals. For instance, mobile computers face competition from Dell, Acer, Lenovo, and Hewlett-Packard. Smartphones face stiff competition from Samsung and Sony. Mobile payment faces competition from Pay Pal and Google. Simply, IT industry is very competitive hence increasing the rate of obsoleteness in the products manufactured and sold by companies. In as much as the tremendous change in technology may be perceived as a challenge for the key providers of IT services, however, the changes offer the opportunity to help come up with products and services that meet customers demands accordingly (Adam, 2013). The high pace of advancement in this industry is a major threat not only to Apple but also other companies. This is whereby fraud and identity theft is done via computer internets. Another threat is piracy, which is becoming too rampant in developing nations. Moreover, there is also strong rivalry in the industry. Such rivalry threatens Apple growth and development. Apple has diversified its operations to surmount the ever pressing competition (Fan Xiao, 2015). Many firms are in software and hardware business, and some are selling them cheaply because of the poor quality which makes Apple lower prices in spite of quality being high thus affecting the profits. Apple has a strong financial position which is derived from the overwhelming sales volume. High revenues are generated from the wide range of quality products sold globally (Porter, 2008). Apple sales are very high and keep increasing which has enabled it to have the funds for innovations and improving its products (Tan, 2013). These high revenues have been as a result of having a good image and properly positioning their products and services to customers (Murray, 2014). Customers are more encouraged to buy goods from Apple because its product can be trusted. Products are of high quality and do not easily break. Also having alliances with other companies in the IT industry through franchising has greatly helps it in developing best products that always meet customer expectation. Apple has a strong market for software, like above mentioned, customers like being identified with suppliers who are reliable. Therefore, Apple rigorously customizes on any available opportunity which has as sisted it to retain competitive advantages over rivals in IT sector. Consumer Targeting and Segmentation: Market segmentation Consumer targeting refers to the process of identifying the potential market for the product and applying the right marketing and promotional mix with the primary objective of increasing the company sales (James et al., 2009). As earlier discussed, a company must identify customers that should be given priority. The target market is determinable by firstly conducting research on the market. This, however, does not mean that the fewer priority consumers are left. Apple applies four types of market segmentation, that is, geographical, demographic, behavioral and psychographic segmentation. Every segment is profiled, and the attractiveness of each is evaluated so as to determine the most profitable market to the least profitable. Market Segmentation helps the business to precisely provide particular consumers with specific needs and wants (Grewal and Levy, 2010). Apple primarily uses demographic segmentation. This is whereby the business is targeting market based on age group. Different age group, for instance, has a preference for different type of mobile phones. Age between 18-35years is said to be using phones whose features are very high. This age group is an earning group and is in middle crisis so is the group likely to buy high-quality phones at a high price. Also on sales of OS and software, its target is gender-based, and for this case, male gender is more targeted (Michael and Todd, 2011). Additionally, Apple primarily uses geographic segmentation whereby, it is expanding its distributions and operations to developing countries. Apple is targeting developing nations because of the increased governmental support towards propelling economic development through the embrasure of technology. Secondary behavioral segmentation is used. In this type, the usage rate is looked into, and further brand loyalty. Apple has managed to provide reliable services, and therefore it has a clique of customer who always comes back to purchase products because of the loyalty created (YouSigma, 2008). Another secondary segment used is psychographic. Psychographic segmentation is whereby the product and services are usually offered to different society classes (lifestyle) and also based on the opinions. If a certain group believes a certain product is good, then that whole society should be marketed for that particular product they feel is good for them. The level of involvement the primary segment is likely to have on decision making. The primary segment helps in targeting the right customers. Segmenting makes it easier to target customers (Yue Tong, 2009). The segment, therefore, influences which customers are to be prioritized. It also determines the firm position. For instance, if it is advertising, segmentation helps the management to understand how the company can carry it out to reach the target customers. With the geographic segmenting it is wise to advertise the product on price and quality as well as how it is of benefit to the target customers (Sweeting, 2013). Consideration of primary segmenting also gives the full and clear picture of what the target customer wants. It is possible to make a decision if a company can meet all customers need and how to meet these needs. This segmentation is important because it gives ideas for growth and innovation. By bearing in mind that a market has different classes, primary segmentation aids in determining and noticing any arising opportunities as quickly as possib le (Ingram et al., 2009). positioning map Firstly, the determinant attributes are ascertained. These are the main factors that the consumer will rely on to make a purchase decision. The next step is to list the leading competitors in the market for all the products. Finally is to create scores for the chosen brands. With the behavioral segmentation, it is apparent that there are a high standard and middle standards customers. It is thus an opportunity to ensure both customer standards are met. This increases sales since the markets are well covered. Market positioning map ensures that the customer services offered as well are of high standard. Figure 1.1 Positioning map Conclusion In conclusion, the external factors will always be there, and it is the duty of the business to comply. In some instances, failing to comply may lead to heavy penalties, closure of the business or creating a bad image which will scare away existing and potential customers. Again, it is very important to conduct a SWOT analysis and identify the strengths so as to capitalize on them as well as the opportunities available. This will help in identifying the existing weaknesses that could compromise the overall working of the business and determine threats such as competitors so as to ensure the business has a competitive advantage in the market. Also for the business to have a clearly stated target market, it must segment, target and position its market. Segmenting, targeting and positioning generally increases the focus of the company to its market, improves its competitiveness, market expansion is possible especially with the geographic segment that provides an opportunity to go global , and further enhances customer retention. For the organization to thrive well in the environment its operating in or planning to launch a new product it must understand, the entire environment well starting with the political situation, the prevailing economic factors, the importance of culture, technological situation, the legislations regulating the environment and the environmental concerns of the industry. In the case of making decisions also, the company has to analyze internal factors and external factors that are likely to affect the business. Sometimes, it is hard to accurately map out a business future without first evaluating it from all angles. This mapping includes an exhaustive look into all internal and external sources of threats. However, everyone and everything is advancing technologically. Therefore, this puts the key players on heels as it has to advance continually. References Adam, L. (2013). Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired and Secretive Company Works. Apple Inc. (2014). Business Conduct: The way we do business worldwide. Cupertino, CA, United States of America: Apple Inc. Cheney, S. (2010). Apple's Incredible Efficient Growth: [online] Business Insider. Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-and-efficiently-growing-its-future-2010-5 Fan, Y., Xiao, M. (2015). Competition and subsidies in the deregulated US local telephone industry: The RAND Journal of Economics, 46(4), 751-776.Retrieved on April 16th 2017 From https://www.techassure.org/risk-management-blog/growth-of-the-software-industry-presents-challenges-and-opportunities/ Grewal, D. and Levy, M. (2010). Marketing: 2nd ed. McGraw. Hill Boston. MA. Ingram, T., LaForge, R., Avila, R., Schwepker, C., and Williams, M. (2009). Sales management Analysis and Decision Making: 7th ed. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk. NY. James, J. S., Rickard, B. J., Rossman,, W. J. (2009). Product differentiation and market segmentation in applesauce: Using a choice experiment to assess the value of organic, local, and nutrition attributes. Agricultural Resource Economics Review, 38(3), 357. Johnson, G., Kevan, S., Richard, W. (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy: (8th ed). Financial Times Prentice Hall. Johnson, K. Li, Y., Phan, H., Singer, J., and Trinh, H. (2012) The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc: Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/418 Lublin, J. (2014). Calpers, Apple at Odds on Governance: [online] WSJ. Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://online.wsj.com/articles/ Michael, M., and Todd, A. F. (2011) "Apple Inc: Product Portfolio Analysis" Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies Vol. 17(7). Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://works.bepress.com/todd_finkle/21/ Murray, P. A. (2014). The nature and sources of competitive advantage. In: Contemporary strategic management: an Australasian perspective, 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd., Milton, Queensland, pp. 187-221 Nerkar, A., Shane, S. (2007). Determinants of Invention Commercialization: An Empirical Examination of Academically Sourced Inventions. Strategic Management Journal, 28(11), 1155-1166 Porter, M. E. (2008). On Competition, Updated and Expanded Edition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Shaughnessy, H. (2013). Tim Cook's New Innovation Strategy For Apple, Right On Time: [online] Forbes. Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/haydnshaughnessy/2013/07/02/tim-cooks-new-innovation-strategy-for-apple-right-on-time/ Sweeting, A. (2013). Dynamic product positioning in differentiated product markets: The effect of fees for musical performance rights on the commercial radio industry. Econometrica, 81(5), 1763-1803. Tan, J. (2013). A Strategic Analysis of Apple Computer Inc. Recommendations for the Future Direction. Management Science and Engineering, 7(2), 94-103.Retrieved on April 16th 2017 from https://www.cscanada.net/index.php/mse/article/view/j.mse. Tech, A. (2013). Growth of the Software Industry Presents Challenges and Opportunity. Thielen, B. (2012). Product differentiation and competitive pressure: Journal of Economics, 107(3), 257-266. YouSigma. (2008). "Apples Segmentation Strategy. Retrieved on April 16th 2017 From https://www.yousigma.com. Yue, C., Tong, C. (2009). Organic or local? Investigating consumer preference for fresh produce using a choice experiment with real economic incentives. HortScience, 44(2), 366-371.

Concepts of Gender Roles

Introduction Over the recent past, most global societies have experienced a great upheaval and revising of their traditionally cherished methods of defining roles on a gender basis as evidenced by the strides made by such communities in accepting and adjusting to new methods of assigning roles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, as evidenced by research studies women are advancing career-wise, as more women are joining career that were reserved for men and becoming their family’s breadwinners. Although this is a clear indication of where societies are heading as far as appreciating the girl child is concerned, still sexism and gender inequality are primary problems that are facing the girl child. Such is the case primarily because societal socialization agents such as the church, schools, work groups, and parents, which are supposed to be th e primary promoters of the war against sexism and gender discrimination, have and still promote gender inequality and sexism direct or indirectly. As a result of these, the war on gender inequality and sexism has failed, because of the failure of these agents of change to promote gender equality and eliminate discriminative notions held by the society (Baur and Crooks 65-67). Regardless of an individual’s gender, there is a need for communities to respect every individual’s rights, as this forms the basis of the war against sexism and gender inequality. However, because this has failed to occur it is crucial for women to rise up and defend their rights through rejecting gender-role segregation and any other form of discrimination, which demeans their self-worth. Gender Development and Gender-Role Stereotyping Gender identity is a concept that develops during the early stages of development, as this is the time when children are in the process of discovering who they ar e. This process continues as a child grows and encounters more societal forces, which are the primary elements that define behavior and roles. Therefore, depending on the stereotypes, which are held by a certain society, a child will grow up knowing that some roles are reserved for men and others for women. This is one of the factors that have made the war on gender inequality and sexism to always hit a snag, because in most cases it is very hard to alter the ideas, traditions, norms, and beliefs, which form the foundation of societies. Although some societies have started to embrace change, as far as gender stereotyping is concerned, still majority of modern communities cherish and will do anything at their disposal to ensure that their cherished gender based stereotypes take precedence. This is the case primarily because; the socialization process has made most individuals to accept the gender-based stereotypes and roles as an integral part of their lives; hence (Baur and Crooks 6 6).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, because it is hard to alter some strong rooted gender-related traditions and practices such as sexism, the role of salvaging women from the oppression caused by these practices solely depend on the nature of efforts put in place by women. This is war that can be worn, because not every individual support this traditional ideology of assigning roles on a gender basis and viewing women as the weaker sex. As Baur and Crooks (70-71) further add, another factor that has promoted sex role stereotyping is religion. Although, this is supposed to be one of the primary agents of change, the church has failed to sensitize societies about the negative effects of gender inequality. Most religions for example, Islam and Christianity embrace the idea of male superiority. Religious teachings present God as man, a fact that makes the world to view ma les as ore superior than females. Such is even the case when it comes to the story of creation where, it is said that Eve was a product of Adam’s rib. Further, the supremacy of the male sex is clearly portrayed by the leadership structure of most churches. Most church leaders are men, with few women who occupy subordinate leadership positions. On the other hand, although some religions have started to ordain female clergy, this ideology has been opposed by most religions. This has made many to question the ability of most socialization agents to change the human perception of men and women, more so when it comes to role gender role differentiation. As research studies show, as compared to men, women are less impinged in principles of sexism and the traditional ways of assigning people roles, using gender based stereotypes. Further, as studies indicate as compared to men, most women are ready to accept positions that will guarantee them some form of equality with men. Although this is the case, the desire to change this in most cases faces numerous challenges, because of the tendency of most individuals of being ready to undertake most traditional masculine or feminine based duties without questions. These like scenarios are so because of the numerous forces within the society, which have contributed to the cherishing of these values, regardless of how much they demean individuals of a certain sex. One of the biggest forces within the society, which has promoted sexism and gender-role inequality, is the family. As compared to other agents of socialization, parents are the main contributors to the nature of values and beliefs held by individuals; hence, the great shapers of behavior. Different homes have different expectations for boys and girls.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of these expectations are usually biased, as most families have a tendency of restricting the girl child’s freedom while granting boys more freedom. Consider even the type of toys that parents buy for their children; most of these toys are primarily meant to prepare children for their adult roles. For example, it is very rare to find parents who buy their male children dolls and tea sets or their female children trucks and balls, as the opposite is the case in most family setting. On the other hand, as children grow, parents usually teach them different types of family chores. Most parents encourage boys to help their fathers in hard chores and girls to help their mothers in the kitchen. Therefore, regardless of how much parents may discourage their children from embracing gender stereotypes and gender-based role segregation, this are ideas which in most cases are rooted in children’s minds hence, very hard to eliminate (Baur and Crooks 65-69). In addition to parents, the peer group and the working lot, is an other group of socialization agents who have failed in their duty to sensitize the societies on the need to change the strongly embraced sexism and gender inequality promoting values. The peer group is another basic unit, which is involved in the gender role socialization process. Right from selecting their playmates, assigning of roles depending on an individual’s sex, and providing assistance on the type of careers to take, the peer group is one of the biggest promoters of sexism and assigning of gender biased role. Peer groups have a tendency of encouraging the girl child to be more nonassertive and caring, a case that is contrary when it comes to boys. As children develop and go through their puberty into adulthood, their will grow embracing these gender based duties; hence, making it very hard to alter them when children are mature. This like gender role stereotypes have encroached the workforce, as most workplaces are made up of men who occupy senior positions while wom en play the subordinate and easy roles. Although the culture of women owning wealth has started to be embraced by most communities, most wealth is owned and managed by men, because of the corporate, political and economic power, which the society accords men. Most women have to always find ways of balancing between family chores and office duties, because of the believe held by societies that, regardless of what women do, tending to the family is one of their primary roles. As a result of these, most women tend to prefer part-time jobs, jobs that are low paying, or which require simple skills. This has created a very big pay gap between women and men, sexual harassment, and declining number of female workers; hence, the need for women to stand up and reject this form of role inequality (Coon and Mitterer 363-368).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, as a result of the failure of the primary societal socialization agents to bring the desired change as far as sex-role stereotyping is concerned, it important for women to combine forces and fight for their rights. Although it is hard to change most the long cherished societal value systems beliefs, and stereotypes, through women declining gender based roles, which demean them, women are likely to succeed in their quest for role equality. Works Cited Baur, Karla and Crooks, Robert. Our sexuality. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 2011. Web. Coon, Dennis and Mitterer, John. Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior. Wadsworth Publishing: Belmont, 2008. Web. This essay on Concepts of Gender Roles was written and submitted by user Dylan George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Do Left and right-handed people have roughly the same reaction time with their dominant hand Essay Example

Do Left and right Do Left and right-handed people have roughly the same reaction time with their dominant hand Essay Do Left and right-handed people have roughly the same reaction time with their dominant hand Essay Hypothesis 1 I predict that left and right-handed people will have roughly the same reaction time with their dominant hand. Plan In order to prove my hypothesis I am going to use stratified random sampling, so that I get a fair sample to conduct my study. I will find both the average and the range to see if my hypothesis is correct. Stratified Random Sampling I am going to use 30 pieces of data for my sample. I sorted the data excluding any that did not say what hand they used or used both hands as their dominant. Firstly I must find the ratio of left handed people to right: There are 300 pieces of data in total. There are 32 left handed people. And 268 right handed people. In order to find the ratio I have to divide the number of left handed people with the total number of people, and then I have to multiply the answer by 30. I have to do the same to the right. Left= 32 / 300 x 30 = 3.2 Right=268 / 300 x 30 = 26.8 The ratio is 3.2 : 26.8 (left : right) Because we are dealing with people we can use decimals so we have to round the decimals. The ratio comes to 3:27 This means we have to choose 3 left handed people and 27 right handed people (the ratio should add up to 30). Because we are using stratified random sampling we cannot just pick the data ourselves, we have to use a calculator. You type in Ran# (number of sample, which in this case is 30). In order not to get decimals you must put it on fix mode. My stratified random samples are numbers: Left; 3, 9 and 8 Right; 181, 150, 226, 110, 120, 89, 169, 132, 98, 109, 95, 47, 5, 105, 113, 195, 191, 193, 149, 214, 9, 221, 258, 51, 189, 185 and 247. Averages In order to find the averages you have to add up the first, second and third attempt, then divide by number of attempt, which are 3. Left handed averages with dominant hand (samples): 0.64 seconds 0.27 seconds 0.27 seconds Right handed averages with dominant hand (samples): 0.25 seconds 0.18 seconds 0.25 seconds 0.30 seconds 0.38 seconds 0.19 seconds 0.42 seconds 0.33 seconds 0.39 seconds 0.50 seconds 0.25 seconds 0.25 seconds 0.39 seconds 0.28 seconds 0.25 seconds 0.47 seconds 0.24 seconds 0.41 seconds 0.22 seconds 0.31 seconds 0.20 seconds 0.39 seconds 0.27 seconds 0.29 seconds 0.25 seconds 0.33 seconds To find the total average for the left / right hand you have to add up all your results and divide by number of results. Total left hand = 1.18/3 = 0.39 Total right hand =7.41/27 =0.27 From this I can see that right handed people have a quicker reaction time with there dominant hand than left handed people do. Range To find the range between the total right hand and the total left I must take the smallest one away from the biggest. Range = 0.39-0.27 =0.12 Although right handed people have quicker reaction times than left handed people do, it is not by much, there is only 12 hundredths between them. Conclusion From my study I can conclude that right-handed people are faster than left. But I think that my hypothesis is correct because I predicted that left and right-handed people would have roughly the same reaction time with their dominant hand and the difference between them is only 12 hundredths of a second. Hypothesis 2 I predict that if you have a fast reaction time with your right hand you will have a fast reaction with your left and vice versa. Plan In order to prove my hypothesis I am going to do a random sample, using 50 pieces of data. I will draw a scatter graph to see whether my hypothesis is true. In order to draw my scatter diagram I must take both left hand and right hands averages and plot them against each other. For example if my right hand average was 0.63 seconds and my left was 0.54 I would plot 0.63 across the right hand axis (which we could say would be x) then from 0.54 I would go up and plot 0.63 across the left hand axis (which would be y). from this graph I hope to see whether there is negative/positive correlation or if there is none. Random sampling In order to random sample I will have to use my calculator. To do this you have to type in Ran#(total data-300) My Random samples are : Left hand average Right hand average 0.32 0.57 1.04 0.36 0.95 0.25 0.40 0.31 0.50 0.33 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.38 0.39 0.33 0.36 0.33 0.22 0.19 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.36 0.33 0.28 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.27 0.41 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.3 0.88 0.69 0.25 0.44 0.25 0.41 0.22 0.18 0.62 0.273333333 0.24 0.253333333 0.28 0.5 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.33 0.31 0.296666667 0.28 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.29 0.253333333 0.31 0.276666667 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.203333333 0.64 0.2 0.29 0.293333333 0.28 0.25 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.31 0.28 0.14 0.27 0.31 0.39 0.27 0.27 0.89 0.49 0.23 0.22 Scatter Graph From my graph I can see that there is little correlation. Although after looking at it for a little while I have come to the conclusion that you can see the majority of the points that are quick with there left hand are also quick with there right, but there are still a number of exceptions. Conclusion I have come to the conclusion that my hypothesis is not fully correct although, I can see that for the majority it is (the majority being roughly 60%) that it is correct.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Research Paper Example The age of onset of this psychiatric problem has been observed as early as three years and the clinical features can be identified easily at the age of eight years. It is very uncommon after adolescence. Boys show a greater ratio of this psychiatric disorder as compared to girls up till puberty and after gaining puberty this ratio becomes equal. (Sadock et al 2009). Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has various underlying causes and risk factors and it presents with different signs and symptoms and it can be identified by the set diagnostic criteria. The risk factors and etiological factors for ODD are not very clear and the family background, hereditary, environmental and social factors are mostly the underlying causes for the eruption of the symptoms in the child. Child’s natural predisposition plays a critical role in the development of this disorder. Assertive nature of the child and the similar authoritative reaction shown by the parents to discipline their child causes them to retaliate and disobey their authority figures. With the passage of time the child needs to develop a sense of self-confidence and self-determination. However, in cases of difficulty in compliance, this behavior is exaggerated and when he/she steps into adolescence, this oppositional response is intensified. Sexual or physical abuse, lack of proper supervision by parents or neglected childhood, mental retardation in late childhood, chemical imbalance for instance of serotonin and any environmental trauma can also trigger ODD. Families that have undergone problems like divorce, troubled parental relationship, frequent school changes, financial instabilities and strict and harsh discipline maintenance are other etiological factors responsible for ODD. A single factor cannot be pointed out as the cause of ODD in any affected individual (Mayo Clinic Staff 2012; Sadock et al 2009). Classic psychoanalytical theory has explained that the oppositional behavior of the children is the outcome of accumulating aggressive responses against their authority figures and is a way of expressing control over them. This control is expressed through tantrums, temper outbreaks and other negative attitudes (Sadock et al 2009). The clinical features of ODD start presenting before 8 years of age and intensify over the early teen years. It takes months and years for the clinical signs and symptoms of the child to worsen and complicate. The behavior of the child is to be noticed if he/she presents with aggressive nature and various incidents of moodiness over the past six months at least and have been persistent throughout. The symptoms include temper tantrums which are persistent, poor compliance with disobedience for rules, arguing with authority figures like parents, blaming others for own mistakes, anger and aggressive behavior, revenge taking behaviors, easily annoyed and irritated over petty issues, intentional gestures to annoy others and persistent disobedience against t he parents. These symptoms can be observed both by parents at home or by teachers and friends in the setting of school. Aggressiveness is expressed by the children more often through verbal communication and harsh attitude against parents or teachers. Physical aggressiveness is less common in ODD, but more common in Conduct Disorder. Children with these features are affected severely in terms of their social, academic and

Organizational Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Change - Assignment Example Company Overview: R.R. Donnelley, one of the largest printing companies in the world, is based in the United States of America. The company, which is listed in the NASDAQ: RRD, is regarded as the global provider of different integrated communications as well as printing services. The company is working collaboratively and collectively with more than almost 60,000 customers across the world for the purpose of developing different solutions in respect to custom communications. These solutions are reducing costs of the production of the company, driving top line growth in favor of the company and also are enhancing research and development and are also ensuring observance. Drawing on the range of proprietary as well as commercially accessible digital and different conventional technologies organized across four continents, R.R. Donnelley & Sons employs a group of leading â€Å"Internet based capabilities† as well as other resources. These resources are applied for the purpose of providing â€Å"pre-media, printing, logistics and business process outsourcing services† to different clients in practically every private as well as public sector around the world (About Us, 2012). Diagnosis: There are various needs or requirements for organizational changes which are conducted in different business organizations across the globe. One of the most important factors which emerge as constant in different business organizations today is organizational change. Undeniably, the organization’s ability or capacity to deal with different changes gives the company a competitive advantage in the market. Organizational learning and changes have been identified as one of the most significant methods for making certain the success of different continual changes made in organizations. Researchers, however, do not deal with various emotional implications in respect to the changes which are made in various business organizations across the globe. Large number of resea rchers, in their articles, has shown the advancements in regard to the proposal that organizational changes are inherently emotional as well as produce wide ranges of emotions and/or feelings in individuals and in organizations during these organizational change which require micro-level as well as macro-level management. Large number of researchers has also pointed out the emotional aspects in respect to dealing with these organizational changes. In general, these researchers have identified the fact that emotional consequences of those organizational changes, however, there exists small research available, which identifies the fact that emotional skills are needed to successfully manage these organizational changes (Jordon, n.d., 456). Organizational changes which are required by the company R.R. Donnelley are mainly related to those organizational changes which are made for the overall improvement of the organization. These changes are required to be made on the ground of the fac t that the business organization is needed to be made more and more effective in respect to developments of the working environments and also in respect to the overall growth of the organization. In this context the changes are needed because Understanding the degree of staff commitment is expected to assist the business organization under consideration in selecting the most efficient working force

Video Games A Curse Or A Blessing Psychology Essay

Video Games A Curse Or A Blessing Psychology Essay Nowadays, video games are more advanced than they ever were. Fascinating story lines, and more complex levels than before, these video games become more and more sought after by todays youth. It has become easier to purchase and access games with mature ratings (M) by underage children and teenagers. Parents would argue that video games corrupt the minds of the teens, and it could lead them to develop a violent personality that can make them become aggressive and commit crimes. And since we are all aware about the parenthood protective instinct, their concerns are understandable. Incidents like the school shooting like the one that happened in Colorado thirteen years ago, child aggression, and the decrease in school work are said to be the effect of video gaming. Of course, it is not for all the video games that exist but games like Doom, Madworld, and Gears of War are some of the games that are blamed. Parents state that more than a thousand of scientific reviews and studies conclude that the exposure to media violence and violent video gaming increases the aggressive behavior of youths. In a paper that was written by Rachel Ray called Violent Video Games, she strongly supports the idea that aggressive video games hold some strong effect on the young boy practicing that act. She begins her article by referring to the shootings in Kentucky, Paducah, Colorado, and Columbine. She states that in those cases, the teenagers who were responsible for those shootings were addicted to Doom. Furthermore, she said that there is correlation between youth and teens behaviors and violent video games are undeniable. Ray also stated: I personally believe that aggressive video games have an effect on young adults, and in turn can cause them to commit crimes. (Ray, 2006) Another research suggested that when performing violent acts in video games may contribute in teenagers aggression than just watching violent scenes on movies and TV shows. According to this view, the more teens act violently while playing game, the more likely they will perform violent acts in their real life (Cesarone, 1994).   In the majority of video games, females are the ones who are depicted to be victims. Video Games such as, Grand Theft Auto promote and talks about theft, prostitution, and violent behavior.   This game encourages males to behave in a wrong way if they want to move along the levels of the game. Furthermore, research has found that males tend to play video games more than women which may produce factor of such aggressiveness in video games.   It is known that acting out such violence as opposed to just viewing it will cause the young boy to become more familiar acting violently without any consequence. Moreover, to explore the question about how playing video games my change the brain, Dr. Vincent Matthews and some of his colleagues at Indiana University who have studied media violence looked at what happen in the brain of twenty eight students who were randomly chosen to play either a non-violent or a first-person shooter games (violent video game) every day at an intervals of a week. At the beginning of this study, researchers used Functional magnetic resonance imaging scan for the brain in order to understand its activity when the study participants who are all young adult men, while playing the lab based task either involving non-emotional or emotional contents. The participants were scanned over and over again while repeating the same tasks, after one week of playing the two opposite types of video games (Park, 2011). Researchers found out that the participants who practiced the violent video games showed less activity in the areas about emotions, inhibition, and attention in the brain. Mathews stated: Behavioral studies shown an increase in aggressive behavior after violent games, and what we show is the physiological explanation for what the behavioral studies are showing (Park, 2011). We are showing that there are changes in the brain function that are likely related to that behavior. One task that the participants completed while being under the scan appraised their response to non-violent vs. violent words. The participants were presented with non-violent words such as walk, run, and talk and violent words such as harm, hit, shoot, and kill (Park, 2011). Therefore, Dr. Mathews came with a conclusion that the changes that happens to the brain while playing violent video games dont appear to be permanent; however, documenting that the brain changes when playing the violent games even if it is for just few hours a day for a whole week., and this can be a significant proof on how young players can be affected when playing these kinds of games.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Personally speaking I love playing violent video games, because when I do so I forget about all my daily problems and I release all the frustration I assembled during the day by shooting zombies or damaging cars and buildings. The major problem that we had when we wanted to play those games was the approval of our parents because no one of any age wants someone to breathe down you neck or looking over your shoulder in order to observe what you are doing. For centuries, parents have that protective instinct for their children and want to protect from anything aggressive or violent. For instance, even in sports, it exist violence to some degree. For example, the American football the coach tells his players almost every day to rip the opponent player heads off. The fact remains that violence is all around us and violent computer games simply provide teens and young boys with a new high level to entertain themselves. Almost every year, the bestselling video games in US are the one which are most violent. When I was 13 years old I enjoyed playing violent Video Games with my older brother, and thankfully our parents allowed us to play any game we chose. Our parents decision to let us play whatever we want was not random because when I asked my mother why she allowed us to play those kind of games she told me that she knew that her and my father raised us well to make our own right decisions and she was sure that we will never practice what we experienced in those video game in real life. In 2011, the best seller game was Call of Duty, and for those who are familiar with video games that game is one of the most violent. I understand that parents cant stop worrying about the influence of those games on their children. Though, it is possible that young players will be more prone to imitate violence they see, it is important to keep in mind that the most aggressive video games are rated mature for a specific reason. Reasonable and well raised children wont start walking around and shooting people, robbing old women, or stealing cars. Violence is just a single small part of video games entertainment value. Olsen said in a New York Times article: teens can try out different identities, how it feels to be a hero, a trickster, a feared or scorned killer or someone of a different age or sexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in a safe fantasy world of video games (Olsen, 2011). For teenagers, violent video games offer mature oriented adventures that go together with their age range better than th ose offered by non violent games for children. Violent games like Call of Duty allows for more interaction and control over the environment you are playing in and it is less structured than the ones we found in movies and TV shows. Through the use of violence, video games can significantly reduce stress by distracting young gamers from pressures of their daily lives. For example, college students who are stuck between school responsibilities, part times jobs, and household chores might find a button machine for violent games a solution to enjoyably release stress and frustrations. According to a study done by Texas AM professor Christopher Ferguson, violent and aggressive video games can be used as a therapeutic solution to combat anger and depression(Ferguson, 2007). Moreover, according a research that was published in Psychology of Violences in August 2011, the degree to which competitiveness young gamers reach while practicing their hobby is more likely than the degree of violence to cause aggression in those gamers personality((Paul J. C. , Adachi, 2011). Watching, practicing, and playing games that depict bloodshed are very therapeutic in a sense that violence on our screen helps us understand death. As the author of the book Killing Monsters Gerard Jones said: Why children need fantasy, super heroes, and make-believe violenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through immersion in imaginary combat and identification with a violent protagonist, children engage the rage they stifledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and become more capable of using it against lifes challenges.(Jones, 2008) Even though it seems like I am in a strong opposition on how my opponents view on seeing the video games as a curse for children and teenagers, I understand their concern and I believe that the best solution is for parents to monitor their children. That means that they should study their personality, see how they perceive those video games, and then decide based on their kids personality if they are capable of handling violent video games without switching their behavior from for what their children are allowed to do in their spare time. In the end, they are responsible to know what video games their children play and have the authority to regulate what video games their children play or how much time they are allowed to play video games. Aside from the video game rating system, there is information available about every video game in the internet, parents can Google the games name and read all the information about it. Parents need to observe and control violent video games for the ir children only if they think that it will affect their behavior and personality; However, if the parents raised their children well, they will not have anything to worry about because they will trust that they will not behave by the same the characters in those violent video games act. Therefore, when monitored by parents, violent video games will not make teens and children violent and aggressive, it will help them overcome stress and anxiety by providing them with entertainment inside their houses, and it will allow them to take out their daily frustration on fantasy characters instead of taking it out on real people.

Anti-Bullying Laws

Anti-bullying laws â€Å"When people hurt you over and over, think of them like sand paper. They may scratch you and hurt you a bit, but in the end, you end up polished and they end up useless†. A quote by Chris Colfer. The number of kids that get bullied everyday are increasing in the state of Arizona. In order to stop the bullying in the schools of mesa, Arizona must create a stronger anti-bullying law. To begin with, over the years the percentages of kids getting bullied are getting tremendously big.According to Winnie Hu kids think that there parents will laugh and teachers wont care that’s the reason they won’t speak up (Hu 13). everyday half a dozen of complaints said Dr. Bergacs from New York Times Magazine (Bergacs 8). Secondly kids are too scared to speak up and tell someone. Kids say it’s hard to tell someone if they are getting bullied. DeSean Jackson says at a young age it’s hard to do anything about it. They say they put their own lives in danger (Jackson 12).Finally, some kids that get bullied at school can affect their concentration at school. Parents will know something is wrong because there kids are doing bad at school . they say the bullying will just get worst. In conclusion, the anti-bullying law must work to stop bullying in the schools because bullying hurts kids and the number of kid being bullying is increasing each year. Bullying must be taken away from schools because bullies or bullied get hurt. This way kid ca stop getting hurt.

The History of Home Schooling

Before the beginning of American public schools in the mid-19th century, home schooling was the norm. Founding father John Adams encouraged his spouse to educate their children while he was on diplomatic missions (Clark, 1994). By the 1840's instruction books for the home were becoming popular in the United States and Britain. The difficulty of traveling to the system of community schools was provoking detractors. At this time, most of the country began moving toward public schools (Clark, 1994). One of the first things early pioneers did was set aside a plot of land to build a school house and try to recruit the most educated resident to be the schoolmarm. This led to recruiting of graduates Eastern Seaboard colleges to further the education oftheir children beyond what they could do at home (Clark, 1994). As the popularity of the public school movement began to rise behind Horace Mann many states soon passed compulsory-education laws. These were designed primarily to prevent farmers, miners, and other parents form keeping their kids home to work (Clark, 1994). Ironically another factor behind public schools was the desire to use them to spread Christian morality, with its concern for the larger good over individualism (Clark, 1994). Massachusetts enacted the first such laws in 1852 requiring children ages 8-14 to be at school at least 12 weeks a year unless they were too poor. The laws proved to be effective, from 1870-1898 the number of children enrolling in the public schools outpaced the population growth. Except for certain religious sects and correspondence schools home schooling remained limited for most of the 20th century. During the 1960's the hippie counterculture exploded into the scene. This culture led a revolt against the education establishment. Thousands of young Americans began dropping out of society and going back to the land to live on communes that generated the modern home schooling movement. Twenty years ago, many states did not allow home schooling. Constitutional protection has always been uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on home schooling. Although in 1972, in Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Court did restrict compulsory school requirements in a limited ruling involving the right of Amish students not to attend high school (Lines, 1996). In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Amish parents claimed that high school attendance was destructive to their children's religious beliefs and would interfere with their pursuit of the Amish way of life (Fisher, Schimmel, and Kelley, 1995). Since this ruling there have been many court cases dealing with the issue of home schooling. All 50 states allow home schooling ad 34 states have enacted specific home schooling statutes or regulations (Clark, 1994). What drives many home-schoolers are the well-documented social troubles and the declining test scores in the public schools. In 1991, the total number of children being home schooled was between 248,500 and 353,500. Many public educators feel that children who are home schooled are missing out on key learning situations that come from the public school. For instance the sciene experiments, these would be very costly to duplicate at home. Also they argue that home school children miss out on the social aspect of school. Very often they are not around many children their age and socialization does not take place. As the home schooling movement has become more widespread, state and local officials have responded with more vigorous enforcement of their compulsory education laws. As a result of this there is more litigation and new regulations. As both parents and school official's evidence increasing inflexibility, the statues play a central role in the battle over the education of the child. A secondary role is played by the courts which, in resolving the disputes between parents and the schools, must interpret and test the statutes (Chiusano 1996). Parents who are being prosecuted for instructing their children at home are attacking compulsory school attendance statues on constitutional grounds. Although no case dealing specifically with home instruction has yet reached the Supreme Court, the increased activism of the home school movement may produce a ruling in the near future (Lines, 1996). Constitutional challenges have been based on the First or Fourteenth Amendment. In many of the home instruction cases' parents have removed their children from school for religious reasons. These parents argue that they have a highly protected First Amendment freedom to educate their children according to their religious percepts and values. The most recent court decisions provide consistent continued confirmation of the Yoder decision. In Howell v. State (1986), Texas' intermediate appellate court rejected Yoder protection for parents who argued that their religious conviction was to educate their children at home (Richardson, Zirkel, 1991). In State v. Schmidt (1987), the Ohio Supreme Court held that the state's explicit-exceptions statute, which requires that home education programs be approved by the local superintendent, did not violate the free exercise clause. Another religious issue has surfaced when parents have challenged the constitutionality of requirements concerning the qualifications of the home teacher (Richardson, 1991). A few states including Michigan require all teachers in home school to possess a teaching certificate. This requirement in Michigan was challenged in 1980, 1986, and 1991. In Hanson v. Cushman (1980), the federal district court found the statute to be reasonable because the parents had not proven that any of their fundamental rights had been violated. In the private school case of Sheridan Road Baptist v. Department of Education (1986), other Michigan parents challenged the certification requirement as a burden on the free exercise of religion. This was rejected by the Michigan Supreme Court, regarding certification as a minimal burden that was outweighed by the State's interest in providing proper education. In People v. DeJonge parents claimed the right to educate their children at home, as an exercise in religious freedom. The court upheld the state law ruling that the state's interest in educated citizens outweigh the rights claimed by the parents (Fischer, 1995). In a related Michigan case, People v. Bennett (1983), the State Supreme Court ruling involving home-school families that had been convicted of violating the compulsory education statute, was reversed from he lower courts decision. The State Supreme Court permitted religious home schooling on First Amendment grounds and curbed the power of education officials to review home schooling policies (Clark, 1994). The other constitutional attack on compulsory attendance laws is non religious, primarily on Fourteenth Amendment due process grounds that parents have the right that is, the liberty, to educate their children as they see fit (Richardson, 1991). This right argued parents is superior to the state's right to compel attendance and regulate education. In Scoma v. Chicago Board of Education (1974), Blackwelder v. Safnauer (1988), and Murphy v. State (1988), the courts specifically rejected the contention that the parents had an independent, non religious, fundamental right in educating their children. In Scoma, the parents sought an injunction and declatory judgment to prevent the Chicago Board from interfering with their decision to educate their children at home. Under the Pierce and Yoder test the Illinois federal district court said the statute is reasonable and constitutional (Richardson, 1991). Now that home schooling s allowed in all 50 states, thenext step for these parents is to incorporate their children's' home schooling with public school activities. One such instance is in Iowa that started the Home Instruction Program giving parents several choices relating to their child. For instance, the curriculum they will follow, the type of assistance they would like from teachers, and whether their child will attend the neighborhood school part time (dual enrollment). This program allows parent to work with public school officials. The public school teacher meets with the home school family every two weeks (Dahm, 1996). The most recent issue being dealt with by local school boards and state governments are the extent to which home schooled students can participate in school sports and other activities. The issues in how far public schools can open their doors to home schoolers include science labs, music classes, and extracurricular activities, but athletics get the most attention according to the Home School Legal Defense Fund (Brockett, 1995). That is because competitive sports are the one activity families can not easily duplicate as their children reach high school age. The Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association, after three state judges ruled against home schoolers being barred from playing on public high school teams, has initiated a one year open door trial program (Brockett, 1995). A Pennsylvania federal court ruled the constitutional rights ofa 14 year old taught at home were not violated, when the Frazier school district refused to let him play sports because the district could not verify his grades and attendance. In a related situation the Governor of Florida vetoed legislation that would have opened extracurricular activities to home schoolers. He explained that no state law bans them from participating. This left standing a policy of the Florida High School Athletic Activities Association banning non students on the theory that they can not represent what they do not attend (Brockett, 1995). This negative attitude of High School Athletic Associations has led parents of home schooled athletes to take their argument to court. For example, in Massachusetts, Melissa Davis was allowed to play on Norton High School softball team even though she is home schooled (Blum, 1996). The state court judge ordered Norton to allow her to play believes she may have a chance to earn an athletic scholarship to college. To be eligible to play athletics a home schooled athlete must apply to the association for a waiver of its initial eligibility rules, submitting documents proving what they were taught at home meet N.C.A.A. standards. Under these standards a home schooled athlete who has sufficiently high standardized test scores and proof that they took at least 13 courses that meet the associations core course standards may be automatically awarded freshman eligibility (Blum, 1996). From the recent decisions handed down by the courts, public school teachers and schools are expected to cooperate with home school educators. The hostility between the two groups has began to disappear and the focus has returned to seeing that the students get the best education they can. If both sides of the spectrum continue to work together this can be achieved.