Oppositional Defiant Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Research Paper Example The age of onset of this psychiatric problem has been observed as early as three years and the clinical features can be identified easily at the age of eight years. It is very uncommon after adolescence. Boys show a greater ratio of this psychiatric disorder as compared to girls up till puberty and after gaining puberty this ratio becomes equal. (Sadock et al 2009). Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has various underlying causes and risk factors and it presents with different signs and symptoms and it can be identified by the set diagnostic criteria. The risk factors and etiological factors for ODD are not very clear and the family background, hereditary, environmental and social factors are mostly the underlying causes for the eruption of the symptoms in the child. Child’s natural predisposition plays a critical role in the development of this disorder. Assertive nature of the child and the similar authoritative reaction shown by the parents to discipline their child causes them to retaliate and disobey their authority figures. With the passage of time the child needs to develop a sense of self-confidence and self-determination. However, in cases of difficulty in compliance, this behavior is exaggerated and when he/she steps into adolescence, this oppositional response is intensified. Sexual or physical abuse, lack of proper supervision by parents or neglected childhood, mental retardation in late childhood, chemical imbalance for instance of serotonin and any environmental trauma can also trigger ODD. Families that have undergone problems like divorce, troubled parental relationship, frequent school changes, financial instabilities and strict and harsh discipline maintenance are other etiological factors responsible for ODD. A single factor cannot be pointed out as the cause of ODD in any affected individual (Mayo Clinic Staff 2012; Sadock et al 2009). Classic psychoanalytical theory has explained that the oppositional behavior of the children is the outcome of accumulating aggressive responses against their authority figures and is a way of expressing control over them. This control is expressed through tantrums, temper outbreaks and other negative attitudes (Sadock et al 2009). The clinical features of ODD start presenting before 8 years of age and intensify over the early teen years. It takes months and years for the clinical signs and symptoms of the child to worsen and complicate. The behavior of the child is to be noticed if he/she presents with aggressive nature and various incidents of moodiness over the past six months at least and have been persistent throughout. The symptoms include temper tantrums which are persistent, poor compliance with disobedience for rules, arguing with authority figures like parents, blaming others for own mistakes, anger and aggressive behavior, revenge taking behaviors, easily annoyed and irritated over petty issues, intentional gestures to annoy others and persistent disobedience against t he parents. These symptoms can be observed both by parents at home or by teachers and friends in the setting of school. Aggressiveness is expressed by the children more often through verbal communication and harsh attitude against parents or teachers. Physical aggressiveness is less common in ODD, but more common in Conduct Disorder. Children with these features are affected severely in terms of their social, academic and

Organizational Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Change - Assignment Example Company Overview: R.R. Donnelley, one of the largest printing companies in the world, is based in the United States of America. The company, which is listed in the NASDAQ: RRD, is regarded as the global provider of different integrated communications as well as printing services. The company is working collaboratively and collectively with more than almost 60,000 customers across the world for the purpose of developing different solutions in respect to custom communications. These solutions are reducing costs of the production of the company, driving top line growth in favor of the company and also are enhancing research and development and are also ensuring observance. Drawing on the range of proprietary as well as commercially accessible digital and different conventional technologies organized across four continents, R.R. Donnelley & Sons employs a group of leading â€Å"Internet based capabilities† as well as other resources. These resources are applied for the purpose of providing â€Å"pre-media, printing, logistics and business process outsourcing services† to different clients in practically every private as well as public sector around the world (About Us, 2012). Diagnosis: There are various needs or requirements for organizational changes which are conducted in different business organizations across the globe. One of the most important factors which emerge as constant in different business organizations today is organizational change. Undeniably, the organization’s ability or capacity to deal with different changes gives the company a competitive advantage in the market. Organizational learning and changes have been identified as one of the most significant methods for making certain the success of different continual changes made in organizations. Researchers, however, do not deal with various emotional implications in respect to the changes which are made in various business organizations across the globe. Large number of resea rchers, in their articles, has shown the advancements in regard to the proposal that organizational changes are inherently emotional as well as produce wide ranges of emotions and/or feelings in individuals and in organizations during these organizational change which require micro-level as well as macro-level management. Large number of researchers has also pointed out the emotional aspects in respect to dealing with these organizational changes. In general, these researchers have identified the fact that emotional consequences of those organizational changes, however, there exists small research available, which identifies the fact that emotional skills are needed to successfully manage these organizational changes (Jordon, n.d., 456). Organizational changes which are required by the company R.R. Donnelley are mainly related to those organizational changes which are made for the overall improvement of the organization. These changes are required to be made on the ground of the fac t that the business organization is needed to be made more and more effective in respect to developments of the working environments and also in respect to the overall growth of the organization. In this context the changes are needed because Understanding the degree of staff commitment is expected to assist the business organization under consideration in selecting the most efficient working force